Link to the story:
http://***/article/ap-impact-post-recession-higher-ed-paths-diverge-0
Latest News

AP IMPACT: POST-RECESSION, HIGHER ED PATHS DIVERGE
美联社“影响”（系列报道）：
金融危机后，全球高等教育思路的交汇

By JUSTIN POPE and DIDI TANG
— Jun. 24 11:45 AM EDT

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013 In this April 23, 2013 photo, first-year students of Yuanjing Academy clap while a classmate gives a lecture during a biweekly lecture competition held on the top floor of their dormitory building near a construction site at College of Mobile Telecommunications, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecom in Chongqing, China. In its once tightly planned economy, China's universities churned out graduates for specific lines of work, but now there is a growing emphasis on broader learning as an economic necessity. (AP Photo/Alexander F. Yuan)
照片拍摄于2013年4月23日，中国重庆邮电大学移通学院的一栋位于建筑工地旁边的学生宿舍的顶楼，远景学院一年级的学生正在为一位参加双周演讲比赛的同学鼓掌。在曾经严厉的计划经济体制下，中国的大学大量炮制为特定行业工作的毕业生，但是现在随着经济发展的需要，他们越来越重视更广泛的学习。（照片来自美国联合通讯社/Alexander F. Yuan)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013- In this April 23, 2013 photo, first-year students of Yuanjing Academy sing and play guitars in a music classroom at the College of Mobile Telecommunications, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecom in Chongqing, China. In its once tightly planned economy, China's universities c2hurned out graduates for specific lines of work, but now there is a growing emphasis on broader learning as an economic necessity. (AP Photo/Alexander F. Yuan)
照片拍摄于2013年4月23日，中国重庆邮电大学移通学院远景学院的一年级的学生正在音乐教室唱歌，弹吉他。在曾经严厉的计划经济体制下，中国的大学大量炮制为特定行业工作的毕业生，但是现在随着经济发展的需要，他们越来越重视更广泛的学习。（照片来自美国联合通讯社照/Alexander F. Yuan)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013- In this Wednesday, May 22, 2013, photo, Steve Hawkins, checks on a furnace at Dokka Fasteners training program in Auburn Hills, Mich. In the United States, where top schools have long championed a liberal style of learning, higher education's focus is shifting to getting students that first job in a still-shaky economy. Tuition is so high and the lingering economic distress so great that an education not directly tied to an occupation is increasingly seen as a luxury. (AP Photo/Paul Sancya)
照片拍摄于2013年5月22日，Steve Hawkins正在密歇根州奥本山检查一座在Dokka紧固件培训计划中的火炉。在美国，顶级学校一直倡导自由的学习方式，高等教育的重点正在转向让学生在这个仍然动摇的经济中获得第一份工作。高昂的学费和挥之不去的经济困境使得不与一个职业直接绑定的教育越来越被视为一种奢侈品。（照片来自美国联合通讯社照/Paul Sancya)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013 -In this Tuesday, May 21, 2013 photo, Michael Hoffman, a 21st Century Insurance Senior Sales Representative, works at the University of Farmers Insurance Group offices in Caledonia, Mich. The University of Farmers is a corporate training operation, its students are agents and adjusters, many of whom work for Farmers Insurance Group. It has campuses in California and at a suburban office park beside the Grand Rapids airport in Michigan. (AP Photo/Paul Sancya)
照片拍摄于2013年5月21日，Michael Hoffman是21世纪高级保险销售代表，正在密歇根，卡里多利亚的农民保险集团大学的办公室工作。农民大学是企业培训经营，它的学生是代理人和理算员，很多在农民保险集团工作。它在密歇根州的加利福利亚和大急流城的郊区商务花园都有校园。（照片来自美国联合通讯社照/Paul Sancya)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013- In this April 23, 2013 photo, a librarian, center, introduces an operational system for an electronic library to students in the school library near a silence sign, front, at the College of Mobile Telecommunications, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecom in Chongqing, China. In its once tightly planned economy, China's universities churned out graduates for specific lines of work, but now there is a growing emphasis on broader learning as an economic necessity. (AP Photo/Alexander F. Yuan)
照片拍摄于2013年4月23日，中国重庆邮电大学移通学院的一名中心图书管理员正在图书馆某一个靠近安静标语的楼层介绍电子图书馆的操作系统。在曾经严厉的计划经济体制下，中国的大学大量炮制为特定行业工作的毕业生，但是现在随着经济发展的需要，他们越来越重视更广泛的学习。（照片来自美国联合通讯社照/Alexander F. Yuan)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 20130 In this April 11, 2013, photo, Students engage in group study at the Al Akhawayn University library, in Ifrane, Morocco. Morocco's public universities follow the traditional French model of early and strict separation of subjects. Al Akhawayn follows the model of St. John's College in New Mexico, which offers a “great books” curriculum based on the foundations of Western literature. (AP/Paul Schemm)
照片拍摄于2013年4月11日，伊夫兰的摩洛哥阿卡韦恩大学的学生在图书馆小组学习。摩洛哥公立大学按照传统的法国模式的早期和严格分离的学科。阿卡韦恩大学遵循新墨西哥州的圣约翰大学的模式，这种模式提供了“巨作”制度，这种制度是建立在对西方伟大的哲学和文学著作的讨论之上的。（照片来自美国联合通讯社照/Paul Schemm)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013 - In this April 11, 2013, photo, students relax on the campus paths in front of the cafeteria between classes at Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, Morocco. Al Akhawayn University is a lone example of a liberal arts institution in Morocco, and a favorite among job recruiters. Al Akhawayn follows the model of St. John's College in New Mexico, which offers a “great books” curriculum based on the foundations of Western literature. (AP Photo/Paul Schemm)
照片拍摄于2013年4月11日，伊夫兰的摩洛哥阿卡韦恩大学的学生课间休息的时间在校园自助餐馆前的路径上休息。阿卡韦恩大学在摩洛哥是一个自由的艺术机构的例子，而且受招聘专员的喜欢。阿卡韦恩大学遵循新墨西哥州的圣约翰大学的模式，这种模式提供了“巨作”制度，这种制度是建立在对西方伟大的哲学和文学著作的讨论之上的。（照片来自美国联合通讯社照/Paul Schemm)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013 -In this Tuesday, May 21, 2013 photo, Michelle Garvelink, a Western Star Insurance Services Senior Sale Agent, works at the University of Farmers Insurance Group offices in Caledonia, Mich. The University of Farmers is a corporate training operation, its students are insurance agents and adjusters who work for America's Farmers Insurance Group. It has campuses in California and at a suburban office park beside the Grand Rapids airport in Michigan. (AP Photo/Paul Sancya)
照片拍摄于2013年5月21日，Michelle Garvelink是西方的明星级的高级保险服务销售代理，在密歇根，卡里多利亚的农民保险集团大学的办公室工作。农民大学是企业培训经营，它的学生是代理人和理算员，很多在农民保险集团工作。它在密歇根州的加利福利亚和大急流城的郊区商务花园都有校园。（照片来自美国联合通讯社照/Paul Sancya)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013- In this April 22, 2013 photo, a women students' basketball team concludes a training session while a couple walk down steps near the basketball court at the College of Mobile Telecommunications, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecom in Chongqing, China. In its once tightly planned economy, China's universities churned out graduates for specific lines of work, but now there is a growing emphasis on broader learning as an economic necessity. (AP Photo/Alexander F. Yuan)
照片拍摄于2013年4月22日，中国重庆邮电大学移通学院的篮球场上，学生女子篮球队正在总结训练项目，旁边一对情侣正在下坡。在曾经严厉的计划经济体制下，中国的大学大量炮制为特定行业工作的毕业生，但是现在随着经济发展的需要，他们越来越重视更广泛的学习。（照片来自美国联合通讯社/Alexander F. Yuan)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013- In this April 23, 2013 photo, two instructors, left, teach a literature and law class, while another class of first-year students, right, attend a geology lesson in the classrooms of Yuanjing Academy, College of Mobile Telecommunications, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecom in Chongqing, China. In its once tightly planned economy, China's universities churned out graduates for specific lines of work, but now there is a growing emphasis on broader learning as an economic necessity. (AP Photo/Alexander F. Yuan)
照片拍摄于2013年4月23日，左边的图是两个教师在上文学与法的课，右边的图是中国重庆邮电大学移通学院远景一年级的学生在上地理课。在中国曾经严厉的计划经济体制下，中国的大学大量炮制为特定行业工作的毕业生，但是现在随着经济发展的需要，他们越来越重视更广泛的学习。（照片来自美国联合通讯社/Alexander F. Yuan)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013- In this April 22, 2013 photo, first-year students of Yuanjing Academy talk to visiting professors in a courtyard of the academy's classrooms at College of Mobile Telecommunications, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecom in Chongqing, China. In its once tightly planned economy, China's universities churned out graduates for specific lines of work, but now there is a growing emphasis on broader learning as an economic necessity. (AP Photo/Alexander F. Yuan)
照片拍摄于2013年4月22日，中国重庆邮电大学移通学院远景一年级的学生在院子里和来访教授交谈。在中国曾经严厉的计划经济体制下，中国的大学大量炮制为特定行业工作的毕业生，但是现在随着经济发展的需要，他们越来越重视更广泛的学习。（照片来自美国联合通讯社/Alexander F. Yuan)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013- In this April 23, 2013 photo, students and migrant workers walk on steps of a stairway linking classroom buildings and dormitory buildings near a construction site at College of Mobile Telecommunications, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecom in Chongqing, China. In its once tightly planned economy, China's universities churned out graduates for specific lines of work, but now there is a growing emphasis on broader learning as an economic necessity. (AP Photo/Alexander F. Yuan)
照片拍摄于2013年4月23日，中国重庆邮电大学移通学院的学生和流动工人行走在连接教学楼和宿舍楼，靠近建筑工地的一个阶梯上。在中国曾经严厉的计划经济体制下，中国的大学大量炮制为特定行业工作的毕业生，但是现在随着经济发展的需要，他们越来越重视更广泛的学习。（照片来自美国联合通讯社/Alexander F. Yuan)

ADVANCE FOR MONDAY JUNE 24, 2013 -In this Tuesday, May 21, 2013 photo, Steve Mulder, Director, University of Farmers-Grand Rapids poses for a photo in Caledonia, Mich. The University of Farmers is a corporate training operation, its students are insurance agents and adjusters who work for America's Farmers Insurance Group. It has campuses in California and at a suburban office park beside the Grand Rapids airport in Michigan. (AP Photo/Paul Sancya)Prev
照片拍摄于2013年5月21日，照片里是Steve Mulder，密歇根州卡里多利亚农民大学在大急流域校区的主管。农民大学是企业培训经营，它的学生是保险代理人和理算员，很多在农民保险集团工作。它在密歇根州的加利福利亚和大急流城的郊区商务花园都有校园。（照片来自美国联合通讯社照/Paul Sancya)

CHONGQING, China (AP) — On the outskirts of this sprawling megalopolis of 29 million in southwest China stand a pair of college campuses — one representing education's past in the world's most populous country, and the other, perhaps, its future.
In its mission and dreary name, the College of Mobile Telecommunications is typical of China's hundreds of Soviet-era universities: rote learning, hyper-specialization and a lock-step course of study for all.
中国，重庆，中国西南地区一个拥有2900万人口的大都市，其远郊区合川假日大道末端有两所紧邻的大学，一所代表着拥有全世界人口最多国家的教育的过去，另外一所，也许代表着中国教育的未来------移通学院，就其带有使命色彩及中规中矩的名字来看，是一所典型的中国苏联时代的大学：有着死记硬背、超专业化及保守的学习形态。

On a hill above it, surrounding a secluded courtyard, stands Yuanjing Academy, a new experiment with a very different feel. Here, college students take a broad array of subjects their first year, in small classes, learning to do things like argue about literature and play the guitar.
"We are adults," says Zhang Panyu, an 18-year-old student whose reading of "Jane Eyre" helped him navigate his own first romance. "We need to know something about everything,"
在一个小山丘上，一个僻静的院落中，矗立着“远景学院”。它正进行一种非同寻常的尝试。在这里，所有的大学生正在他们的第一年里以小班形式学习一系列课程，比如讨论文学及弹吉他。
张磐宇，18岁，最近他正在读《简爱》，这本书给了他关于浪漫的启蒙：“我们已经成年了。我们需要试着了解一切。”

The Great Recession began in late 2007 with the near-collapse of the global financial system, depressing economies and employment worldwide. It also drove millions more than ever before to seek higher education. Global enrollment is closing in on 200 million, after passing 100 million barely a decade ago. In the United States it surged by 3 million — 18 percent — during the last few years of economic turmoil.
经济危机始于2007年年底，全球的金融体系几乎崩溃，经济形势与就业形势令人沮丧。这也促使数以百万计比以往更多的人去寻求更高的学历。仅仅十年前全球招生才超过1000万，如今全球招生即将突破2000万人的大关。而在美国，由于过去几年的经济动荡，招生人数飙升到300万人，提升了18%。

Yuanjing shows how different countries are drawing different lessons from recent economic history about what to study and what kind of knowledge will drive future economic growth.
In the United States — where top schools have long championed a liberal style of learning and broad education before specialization — higher education's focus is shifting to getting students that first job in a still-shaky economy.
远景学院的存在显示了不同的国家是如何从近代的经济史中汲取教训，应该学习什么，以及什么样的知识才是推动未来经济发展。
在美国摇摇欲坠的经济状况下，一直倡导在选专业前自由学习的顶尖学校，他们的高等教育也开始注重向帮助学生们找到第一份工作而转变。

Broad-based learning and the liberal arts and sciences are losing favor with students and politicians. Tuition is so high and the lingering economic distress so great that an education not directly tied to an occupation is increasingly seen as a luxury.
Elsewhere in the world, there is a growing emphasis on broader learning as an economic necessity.
对于学生和政客，一些文理科专业的通识教育已开始失宠了。高昂的学费，挥之不去的巨大经济压力，这使得不以就业为导向的教育开始逐渐变成了一种奢侈。
在世界的其他地方，为了经济需求而学习更为宽泛的知识也已日益受到重视。

In Europe, where for centuries students have jumped straight into specialized fields and studied little else, recent changes have pushed back specialization, making more room for general education. In Africa and the Middle East, experiments are moving away from a relentlessly narrow education tradition. And on a much bigger scale, China is breaking down the rigid disciplinary walls that have long characterized its higher education system.
The trend is far from universal; many countries remain urgently focused on narrow skills and job-training.
在欧洲，数百年来，学生们都是直接对专业领域进行研究很少学习其他知识，但最近这种情况已开始转变，通识教育已开始占领专业教育的部分位置。在非洲及中东地区，教学改革正在摆脱狭隘的传统教育。在中国更是更大规模地打破长期以来的教育常规。
这一趋势远远没有得到普及；许多国家的教育仍然坚持单一的职业技能培训。

But advocates in a broad range of places around the world hear employers demanding the "soft skills" — communication, critical thinking, and working with diverse groups — that broad-based learning more effectively instills. These advocates argue their countries need job-creators, not just job-fillers. They think the biggest innovations come from well-rounded graduates — from empathetic engineers, say, or tech-savvy anthropologists.
但是世界各地的教育专家发现雇主们对“软技能”的需求：沟通、批判性思维及团队协作能力，而这些技能都是通识教育所培养的。他们认为，他们的国家需要职位的创造者，而不是岗位的填充者。他们觉得最具创新思维的往往来自具备很强的综合素质的毕业生—善解人意的工程师或者是技术娴熟的人类学家。

There's "a weird symmetry" at work in the educational world, says Columbia University professor Andrew Delbanco, author of "College: What it Was, Is, and Should Be."
As people in the United States "talk less and less about the value of liberal education," he says, "our so-called economic competitors talk about it more and more."
哥伦比亚大学的教授，《College: What it Was, Is, and Should Be》的作者安德鲁.德尔班科说到，“工作在教育的领域是一个奇怪的映射。”
他说：“美国人对于通识教育的价值讨论的越来越少，而我们所谓的经济竞争对手反而讨论得越来越多。”

Though the United States invented broad-based learning, getting a job has always driven Americans to college and affected what they study, says researcher Arthur Levine.
Now head of the New Jersey-based Woodrow Wilson Foundation, which supports leadership development in education, Levine has tracked students' attitudes toward college since the 1960s. He takes an even longer view than that: Even the medieval theologians reading Latin at the first universities wanted secure work in the church, he notes.
研究员阿瑟.莱文说到，尽管美国人发明了通识教育，但总是为了找工作而驱动美国人去上大学，并影响他们选择学什么。
莱文，现任新泽西州的伍德罗.威尔逊基金会的主席，一直支持教育可以提高领导能力的观点。他自1960年代就开始追踪学生对大学的态度。他指出：即使中世纪的神学家在一等的大学里学习拉丁文，他们也会想在教会中有一份安定的工作。

Still, something has definitely changed.
As recently as the 1970s, fewer than half of U.S. college students felt increasing earnings was the chief benefit of college, his research has found. Now, about two-thirds do.
A national survey of U.S. college freshmen shows a jump in such attitudes starting in 2007, when the economy turned. About three-quarters of freshmen want colleges to provide more specialized career training.
尽管如此，有些东西已经彻底发生了改变。
他的研究发现，早在20世纪70年代,不到一半的美国大学生觉得上大学的主要好处是增加收益。现在,大约三分之二的大学生持有此观点。
一项涉及美国大学新生的全国性调查发现，当经济形势转变后，从2007年起此观点有了跳跃性的增长。约四分之三的新生希望学校提供更多专业的职业培训。

"There's just been a lot more emphasis in the kitchen-table conversations about choosing a college and choosing a major that is a clear path to a good-paying job," says Richard Ekman, president of America's Council of Independent Colleges. "That has shown up in the pattern of majors and in the choice of institutions."
来自美国的总统委员会的独立学院的理查德·埃克曼说,“在餐桌上的谈话中，人们更多强调的是选择大学,选择专业,是一份高收入工作的捷径。此观点展现出人们专业和系别的选择。”

And it has shown up at a place called the University of Farmers.
It's not actually a single place — there are two campuses, one in California, the other in a suburban office park beside the Grand Rapids airport in Michigan. And it's not officially a university, but rather Farmers Insurance's much-praised corporate training operation.
这个观点是由Farmers学院提出的。
事实上Farmers学院并不只在一个地方——它有两个校区,一个在加利福尼亚,另一个是临近密歇根州大急流城机场的郊区办公园区。它并不是正式的大学,而是一个备受企业赞扬的关于保险的培训机构。

Michael Hoffman, 29, started working at Farmers two years ago but hit a ceiling without a degree. He's one of thousands of employees Farmers is helping pursue their diplomas. In Michigan, many shuttle between the Farmers training program and nearby Davenport University, which awards the degrees.
米歇尔.霍夫曼，29岁，他从两年前开始就一直在Farmers大学就读，但由于考试不及格没能取得学位。他只是Farmers大学中数千位为学位而努力的学生中的一员。在密歇根，许多学生往返与Farmers大学和临近的Davenport大学开展的培训项目，便是为了取得相应的学位。

Farmers will support degrees in a range of fields, and emphasizes that specialized business degrees aren't required to work there. But virtually all choose business.
Some, including Hoffman, are in a new management program that focuses them even more narrowly: They are essentially majoring in insurance.
Farmers大学认可许多领域的学位，并强调在此工作不需要商务专业相关的学位。但是几乎所有的人都选择了商务的相关专业。有一些人，包括霍夫曼，甚至选择了范围更窄的管理培训项目：他们基本上选择了保险专业。

"I want what's going to be specifically oriented to my career and my career goals," says Hoffman, explaining a curriculum focused on things like underwriting regulation, ethics and licensing. And with an infant at home, "Really, that's all I have time for."
“我需要的，是专门面向我的事业和我的事业生涯目标的东西”霍夫曼说到，并解释所学课程重点在于承销监管、道德和许可。加之他还需要抚养一个婴儿，他说到“真的，我的时间只足够学习这些了。”

With tuition up 27 percent above inflation over the last five years, and students' combined debt now exceeding $1 trillion, students are demanding specialized, job-focused offerings. Colleges have obliged:
在过去的五年内，随着学费已超过通货膨胀率的27%，学生负债也因此超过1万亿美元，他们开始要求攻读更好找工作的专业。

—Over the last decade, the number of academic subjects tracked by the U.S. government has expanded about one-fifth, with 354 new and increasingly specialized subjects identified since 2000.
----过去的十年中，由美国政府制定的学术科目数量已扩大了五分之一左右，自2000年以来，已有354项专业科目被鉴定并且这个数目还在持续的增长中。

—The fastest-growing majors in the United States are mostly tied narrowly to professions, areas like homeland security, law enforcement and firefighting (up 76 percent over the last decade); health professions (up 60 percent) and parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies (up 90 percent). The largest undergraduate major by far is business, accounting for nearly one-quarter of U.S. degrees.
----在美国，增长数量最快的专业大多都与职业选择捆绑在了一起，比如：国土安全、执法与消防（在过去十年中，增长速度超过76%）；健康相关职业（超过60%）以及公园、娱乐、休闲和健身领域方面的研究（超过90%）。迄今为止，比例最大的本科专业是商务，有将近四分之一的学位都是这个专业。

—The share of four-year degrees in the general arts and sciences has held fairly constant; some fields, like psychology, have even grown. But overall, humanities like literature and philosophy have suffered. Harvard reported this month that one-third fewer students enter planning to major in the humanities than did in 2006.
-----四年制学位在一般的文理科领域内，份额保持相当恒定，比如：心理学，一直在增长。但总的来说，像文学与哲学这类人文科学便深受其害了。哈佛大学的一项报告指出：这个月以来，计划选择人文学科的学生比2006年少了三分之一。

American politicians are encouraging the trend of practicality in higher education.
The governors of Florida and North Carolina have pushed to shift state funding away from liberal arts subjects to programs that lead more directly to jobs. A half-dozen states now publish employment and earnings outcomes, broken down by school and degree program, for new graduates.
美国的政客们也开始鼓励高等教育的实用性这一趋势。
佛罗里达州及北卡罗来纳州的州长不得不将投资从文科类专业向一些更直接针对工作需要的专业转变。已经有十几个州为新的毕业生公布这些专业的就业情况及收入成果。

On average, people with career-focused degrees do have higher earnings and lower unemployment — at least out of the gate, according to research by the Georgetown Center on Education and the Workforce. But how majors affect careers over the long-term is harder to pin down.
根据乔治大学教育和劳动中心的研究成果，一般来说，至少在初期，拥有就业率高学位的人收入更高并且失业率更低。但是专业对职业生涯的长期影响还很难下定论。

Employers lament a technical skills gap that left millions of jobs unfilled even at the peak of unemployment in the Great Recession. But in surveys, they also complain students aren't well-rounded enough — lacking an ability to communicate and continue to learn. A recent employer survey by the Association of American Colleges and Universities found 93 percent reported that capacities to think critically, communicate clearly and solve complex problems were more important than undergraduate majors.
雇主们感叹说由于技术技能的差距，即使在经济危机失业率达到顶峰的时候，仍旧百万个就业岗位无人填充。但据调查显示，他们还抱怨学生们，欠缺沟通能力及继续学习的能力，不够全面。此外，美国高校联盟最近的一项报告中指出，独立思考的能力，清晰的交流能力和解决复杂问题的能力比专业知识更重要。

AAC&U president Carol Geary Schneider says even seemingly staid fields like insurance are evolving rapidly, and will require sharp and creative thinking. Students can get broad-learning in focused degrees, but too often don't.
"Employers are saying to us 'we don't want to hire people who have been locked into mental cubicles,'" Schneider said. "The best way to be locked into a mental cubicle is to study only one subject and look at it only from a particular point of view."
美国大学与学院联合会的主席卡罗尔.吉瑞.施耐德说到：像保险这样看似古板的专业正在迅速发展，并且其也需要灵活及创造性的思维。学生其实可以从这些聚焦就业的专业中学习更广泛的知识，可是他们并不愿意这么做。
施耐德说：“雇主们一直表示他们并不想聘用那些思想已经被禁锢的人。精神被禁锢最好的方式，就是只研究某一个学科并且只从某一个特殊的角度去思考。”

Another price, Levine says, is too many students studying subjects they aren't passionate about, and failing to grasp that — while majors matter — a strong liberal arts major complemented with a more practical minor or a foreign language remains desirable in the job market.
"Part of it is overreaction," Levine said of the trend. "Part of it is lack of knowledge about what it takes to get a job. And part of it is these are really scary times."
莱文说:另外一个后果就是，太多的学生对于他们所学课程并无热情，他们没有意识并掌握到，在就业市场中，一个强大的文科专业辅以一个实践性很强的专业或辅修一门外语的情况其实非常受欢迎。
莱文谈到这个趋势时说到：造成这个趋势的部分原因是由于反应过度；另一部分原因学生们欠缺如何找到工作的知识，而这当中的学生有一部分是因为惧怕这个时代。

Frank Novakowski, an associate Davenport dean, says the school's curriculum injects broad-based learning throughout its curriculum. But he also calls Davenport pragmatic, noting Farmers is halfway through hiring 1,600 new workers here.
"People are getting really serious about 'what am I getting an education for, and what am I going to do after?'" he said. "And if the kids aren't asking, their parents are."
Davenport的一位副院长弗兰克.诺维斯基说到，学校的课程设置注入了广泛的基础学习。但是他也呼吁Davenport应该务实一些，他指出Faremers已在中途雇佣了1600名新员工。
他还说：“人们已经对‘我接受教育是为了什么，我将来要做什么’这一问题越来越严肃认真”，就算这些学生自己不关心，他们的父母也会关心。

"University of Farmers" actually has a Chinese ring to it. In its once tightly planned economy, China's universities churned out graduates for specific lines of work. Universities often were overseen by a national ministry or trade agency. Their names say it all: Chongqing Nanfang Translators College, Nanjing Audit University, North China Electric Power University.
关于Farmers学院的问题其实也说明了一些关于中国的事实。在中国过去严格细致的计划经济时代，中国的大学生产的是为了一些特定职业的毕业生。过去很多大学往往就是国家部委或行业协会监管的。从这些大学的名字就可以看出来：重庆南方翻译学院、南京审计学院、中国北方电力大学。

Yuanjing founder Peng Hongbin excelled in that system, studying at a prestigious university and, after a government job, later getting rich in the flooring business. But he doesn't credit his education for his success: Under the rote learning style he never learned to speak up.
远景学院的创始人彭鸿斌先生是中国传统教育体制的优胜者，考上国内顶尖大学，毕业后就职于政府部门，后来在地板行业起家。但是他并没有将他的成功归功于他的教育经历——在这种死记硬背的学习方式下，他从来没能畅述己见。

"China does not teach you how to communicate," says Peng, who in 2007 bought the telecommunications college when it went private and, five years later, founded Yuanjing on the hill above it.
Now, he's a leader in an effort to bring broader-based, liberal-arts style learning to China's education system.
“中国的教育并不会教你如何与人沟通”，彭先生说。他2007年接管移通学院；5年之后，在旁边的山坡上，远景学院拔地而起。
如今，他是致力于为中国教育体制注入宽基础的通识教育内涵的先锋。

His academy picks 150 students from the freshman class of 5,000 at the telecommunications college, which also is undergoing changes, adding clubs, sports, community service and art appreciation.
"For a country to innovate, to be creative, it needs imagination, not a knowledge and know-how from a specific field of study," he says.
远景学院从日新月异发展的移通学院5000名新生里选拔150名，大幅度增加学生社团、竞技体育、志愿者服务和艺术鉴赏等的课堂外教育内容。
“一个国家的改革和创新需要的是想象力，而不是单靠某一类知识和某一特定领域的学习”他说。

His advisers include a Dutch academic named Hans Adriaansens, who on a recent sunny afternoon sat in the checkered shadow of a traditional Buddhist "Bodhi" tree of wisdom on the Yuanjing's campus, talking to students about their ambitions, work and daily worries.
Adriaansens' journey is a kind of microcosm of the global movement. Decades ago he studied at American campuses including Harvard and Smith College, falling in love with liberal arts learning. He struggled for decades to bring the model to Europe, where students historically have been channeled into specialties as early as age 12.
他的顾问是一位荷兰学者，Hans Adriaansens，在一个阳光明媚的午后，坐在远景学院里在佛教中代表智慧的菩提树下，就着斑驳的树影与学生们谈论着他们的抱负、工作和琐碎的烦心事。
Adriaansens的经历是一场全球运动的缩影。几十年前，他就读于哈佛大学、史密斯学院等美国高校，痴迷于通识教育的学习。几十年来他致力于将此模式带到欧洲，当时的欧洲学生早在12岁就将按特定专业方向学习。

"When I started, everybody was against it, even at my own university," he says.
But in recent years, he's helped leading Dutch universities install liberal arts colleges within their campuses. Now, Europe-wide changes he's encouraged have opened space during the first years of higher education for broader learning, delaying specialization. Singapore and Hong Kong have made similar moves.
“当我开始的时候，每个人都反对，甚至是在我自己的大学”，他说。但近年来，他已经帮助荷兰几所顶尖大学成立了文理学院。现在，他一直推崇的在高等教育第一年进行通识教育，延缓专业化已经使欧洲教育打开了思路和空间，并广泛发生着变化。新加坡和香港也进行着类似的改革。

Elite St. Petersburg State University in Russia recently opened its first liberal arts faculty, and there are similar projects in Poland, Slovakia and even Germany, which invented the rigid disciplinary model. Jonathan Becker, the vice president for international affairs at Bard College in New York who has worked in Europe for decades, says it's no accident that the St. Petersburg effort's been led by a former Russian finance minister.
"They realize," Becker says, that "narrow boundaries of disciplines are not the answer to modern world problems."
最近俄罗斯圣彼得堡国立大学建立了第一个文理学院。波兰、斯洛伐克甚至是创立了僵化学科体制的德国也启动了类似的项目。纽约巴德学院负责国际事务的副院长Jonathan Becker说，“俄罗斯前财政部长对圣彼得堡国立大学文理学院项目的支持绝不是偶然。他们意识到学科间狭隘的界限不能给出现代社会中问题的答案。“

Not every country is embracing the trend. In much of the world, facing cripplingly high youth unemployment, broad-based or liberal-style learning is still viewed as an unaffordable luxury. India's development efforts are focused on vocational training for 500 million people by 2022. Turkey is rapidly expanding vocational training, while Rwanda is focused on information technology, agriculture and tourism.
并不是所有国家都能接受这一趋势。在许多国家，面对严峻的青年失业率，宽基础或文理教育模式仍被视作无法承受的奢侈品。直到2022年，印度政府都将重点发展5亿人口规模职业培训。土耳其正在迅速扩大职业培训规模，而卢旺达则专注于信息技术、农业和旅游业专业发展。

Still, from Morocco to Saudi Arabia to Malaysia, experiments in broader-based learning are expanding. And China is the movement's promised land. Leaders may not have fully considered the potential political implications of liberal education, but they've endorsed the economic case. They want China to invent the next iPad, not build the last one.
Change is apparent not just at experiments like Yuanjing but across China's big public universities. Hangzhou's Zhejiang University in eastern China, for example, has reduced the number of majors from more than 200 to seven general directions.
尽管如此，从摩洛哥到沙特阿拉伯再到马来西亚，通识教育的尝试范围正在扩大。而中国正是这样改革尝试的乐土。他们希望中国能发明下一代iPad，而不是铸造最后一个。
明显的变化不仅仅限于远景学院的尝试，同样也席卷了中国大型公立院校。例如中国东部的浙江大学，已经把200多个专业缩减到7个大类的培养方向。

"It's new to them but, to my surprise, it's going much faster than it went in my country," says Adriaansens.
There is no suggestion that the Chinese system yet resembles the traditional American one, or will soon.
"The 12 years of education has not given our students the habit of thinking," says Bai Fengshan, who is leading a new liberal arts curriculum at prestigious Tsinghua University, traditionally known for technology and engineering. "They simply take whatever is given. They can tell when what's given is bad, but they don't know why."
Students "lack the ability to be critical," he says, "which is different from the ability to criticize."
He is committed to the transition.
"When a person leaves the university," he says, "he or she should be a whole person."
“对于他们说来这是全新的，但让我惊讶的是，它的发展速度比在我的国家快多了”，Adriaansens说。
这并不意味着中国的教育或体制已经趋向传统的美国教育体制或者将要向其转变。
白峰杉，在清华大学以技术与工程闻名，现引领新的通识课程。“长达12年的教育并没有让学生具备思考的习惯。学生只学会别人给予他们的知识，他们知道什么是不好的，但他们不知道为什么。”
他说“学生缺乏批判的能力, 这不同于批评的能力。”
他现在正致力于转变这种现状。“当一个人从大学毕业，他应该是一个完整的人，”他补充道。

Pope reported from Michigan. News researcher Judith Ausuebel contributed from New York. Follow Pope athttp://***/JustinPopeAP and Didi Tang athttp://***/tangdidi

Link to the story:
http://***/article/ap-impact-post-recession-higher-ed-paths-diverge-0